Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors: RESULTS

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The 300 subjects—50% males and 50% females—were recruited among the targeted three ethnic groups. One-third were white non-Hispanic, one-third were Hispanic, and one-third were black non-Hispanic. The mean age was 20.8 ± 3.9 (mean ± SD). The mean weight was 150.6 ± 30.2 lbs (Table 1). Significant differences were found in height (p<0.001) and weight (p<0.002), with black non-Hispanic females being taller (66.1 ± 2.7 inches) than white non-Hispanic females and Hispanic females (64.6 ± 2.8 inches and 64.0 ± 2.5 inches, respectively), and black non-Hispanic females being heavier (141.1 ± 28.7 lbs) than white non-Hispanic females and Hispanic females (126.6 ± 14.6 lbs and 129.8 ± 18.3 lbs, respectively). The mean BMI was 23.2 ± 3.5 kg/m². Males had significantly (p<0.001) higher BMIs (24.3 ± 3.5 kg/m²) than females (22.0 ± 3.2 kg/m²) (Table 1). Significant differences were found (p<0.043) in the underweight category, with 8.9% of females being underweight compared to 1.1% of males. Significant differences (p<0.017) were found in the overweight category, with 30% of black non-Hispanic females being overweight compared to 6.7% of white non-Hispanic females (Table 2).

Table 1. Subjects’ Anthropometrics by Gender, Ethnicity and Gender-Ethnicity Subgroup

Variables	n(%)	Age (Years)	Height (Inches)	Weight (lbs)	BMI (Kg/m2)
Mean ± SD
All Subjects	300 (100)	20.8 ± 3.9	67.0 ± 4.0	150.6 ±30.2	23.2 ± 3.5
Gender Male Female P Value	150 (50) 150 (50)	21.0 ±4.0 20.6 ± 3.7 0.447	69.9 ± 3.3b 64.9 ± 2.8° 0.001***	168.6±26.3b 132.5 ±22.1° 0.001***	24.3 ± 3.5b 22.0 ± 3.2° 0.001***
Ethnicity White non-Hispanic Hispanic Black non-Hispanic P Value	100 (33.3) 100 (33.3) 100 (33.3)	20.6 ± 3.2 20.6 ± 3.6 21.3 ±4.6 0.364	67.6     ± 4.3 67.0 ±4.1 67.7     ± 3.4 0.372	147.8 ±28.0 148.7 ±29.0 155.2 ±33.0 0.165	22.6 ± 2.8 23.1 ± 2.9 23.8 ± 4.5 0.055
Male by Ethnicity Male white non-Hispanic Male Hispanic Male black non-Hispanic P Value	50 (16.7) 50 (16.7) 50 (16.7)	21.2 ±3.5 20.6 ± 3.8 21.1 ±4.7 0.751	70.6 ± 3.3 69.9 ± 3.2 69.3 ± 3.3 0.161	169.0 ±21.6 167.5 ±25.4 169.3 ±31.3 0.935	23.9 ± 2.7 24.0 ± 2.8 25.0 ± 4.6 0.195
Female by Ethnicity Female white non-Hispanic Female Hispanic Female black non-Hispanic P Value	50 (16.7) 50 (16.7) 50 (16.7)	20.0 ± 2.7 20.5 ± 3.4 21.4 ±4.6 0.185	64.6 ± 2.8a 64.0          ± 2.5° 66.1    ±2.7b 0.001***	126.6 ± 14.6° 129.8 ± 18.3° 141.1 ±28.7b 0.002**	21.4 ±2.3 22.3 ± 2.8 22.6 ±4.1 0.142
ab Means in a column with different superscripts are significantly different using Bonferroni’s procedure at p<0.05; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; BMI: body mass index

Body Composition

Black non-Hispanics had significantly (p<0.019) higher percentages of body fat (25.4 ± 8.7 vs. 22.4 ± 6.6), lower percentages of body lean (74.6 ± 8.7 vs. 77.6 ± 6.6) and lower percentages of body water (p<0.021) (54.5 ± 6.3 vs. 56.7 ± 4.9) than white non-Hispanics (Table 3). levitra plus

Table 2. Body Mass Index of Subjects by Gender Ethnicity and Gender-Ethnicity Subgroup

Body Mass Index	<19.9 Underweight	19-24.9 Normal	25-29.9 Overweight n(%)	<30 Obese	x2	P
Gender] Male Female	1 (l.l)a 8 (8.9)b	64 (71.1) 63 (70.0)	22 (24.4) 17 (18.9)	3 (3.3) 2 (2.2)	6.27	0.043*
Ethnicity] White non-Hispanic Hispanic Black non-Hispanic	3 (5.0) 3 (5.0) 3 (5.0)	49 (81.7) 42 (70.0) 36 (60.0)	8 (13.3) 14 (23.3) 17 (28.3)	0   (0.0) 1   (1.7) 4 (6.7)	7.7	0.100
Male by Ethnicity2 Male white non-Hispanic Male Hispanic Male black non-Hispanic	1 (3.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)	23 (76.7) 21 (70.0) 20 (66.7)	6 (20.0) 8 (26.7) 8 (13.3)	0   (0.0) 1   (3.3) 2   (6.7)	1.44	0.487
Female by Ethnicity2 Female white non-Hispanic Female Hispanic Female black non-Hispanic	2          (6.7) 3    (10.0) 3 (10.0)	26 (96.7) 21 (70.0) 16 (53.3)	2 (6.7)a 6 (20.0)ab 9 (30.0)b	0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (6.7)	8.13	0.017*
ab Percentages in a column with different superscripts are significantly different using Bonferroni’s procedure at p<0.05; * p<0.05; 1 Overweight/obese collapsed for X2 test; 2 Underweight/normal and overweight/obese collapsed for X2 test.

Black non-Hispanic females had significantly (p<0.044) higher percentages of body fat (29.0 ± 7.1) and lower percentages of body lean (71.0 ± 7.1) than white non-Hispanic females (25.8 ± 6.2, 74.1 ± 6.2, respectively). Also, significant differences were observed (p<0.040) with black non-Hispanic females having lower percentages of body water (51.9 ± 5.2) compared with white non-Hispanic females (54.2 ± 4.6) (Table 3). A significant positive correlation was found between CHDRPS and percentages of body fat (p<0.037). Significant inverse correlations were found between CHDRPS and percentages of body water (p<0.043), percentages of body lean (p<0.037) and in lean/fat ratios (p<0.033) (Table 4). Significant positive correlations were found between CHDRPS and percentages of body fat in males (pO.OOl) and females (p<0.007). In males, significant inverse correlations were also found between CHDRPS and percentages of body water (pO.OOl), body lean (pO.OOl) and lean/fat ratios (pO.OOl). In females, significant inverse correlations were also found between CHDRPS and percentages of body water (pO.014), and body lean (p<0.007). A significant positive correlation was found only in Hispanics between CHDRPS and percentages of body fat (pO.036). Significant inverse correlations were also found in Hispanics between CHDRPS and percentages of body water (pO.029) and body lean (pO.036) (Table 4). Within gender-ethnicity subgroups, significant positive correlations were found between CHDRPS and percentages of body fat in white non-Hispanic males (pO.005), Hispanic males (pO.016) and Hispanic females (pO.OOl). Significant inverse correlations were found between CHDRPS and percentages of body water in white non-Hispanic males (pO.004), Hispanic males (pO.013) and Hispanic females (pO.OOl); body lean in white non-Hispanic males (p<0.005), Hispanic males (p<0.016) and Hispanic females (pO.OOl); and lean/fat ratio in white non-Hispanic males (pO.008), Hispanic males (pO.030), black non-Hispanic males (pO.020) and Hispanic females (p<0.008) (Table 4). sildenafil tablet 100mg

Table 3. Body Composition of Subjects by Gender, Ethnicity and Gender-Ethnicity Subgroup

Variables	Body Fat	Body Lean          Body Water Mean ± SD		Lean/Fat Ratio
All Subjects	23.7 ± 7.7	76.2 ± 7.7	55.7 ± 5.7	3.8 ± 2.4
Gender Male Female P Value	19.9 ± 6.8° 27.6 ± 6.6b 0.001***	80.1 ± 6.8b 72.4 ± 6.6° 0.001***	58.5 ± 5.0b 52.8 ± 4.8° 0.001***	4.8    ± 2.8b 2.9    ± 1.3° 0.001***
Ethnicity White non-Hispanic Hispanic Black non-Hispanic P Value	22.4         ± 6.6° 23.5     ± 7.5ab 25.4 ± 8.7b 0.019*	77.6 ± 6.6b 76.5           ± 7.5ab 74.6     ± 8.7° 0.019*	56.7          ± 4.9b 55.8     ± 5.6ab 54.5 ± 6.3° 0.021*	3.9 ± 1.8 3.9 ± 2.5 3.7 ± 2.8 0.684
Mole by Ethnicity Male white non-Hispanic Male Hispanic Male black non-Hispanic P Value	18.9 ±5.1 19.0 ± 6.0 21.8 ±8.6 0.054	81.1     ±5.1 81.0 ±6.2 78.2     ± 8.6 0.054	59.3 ± 3.7 59.2 ± 4.5 57.2 ± 6.3 0.061	4.7 ± 1.9 5.0 ± 3.0 4.6 ± 3.4 0.717
Female by Ethnicity Female white non-Hispanic Female Hispanic Female black non-Hispanic P Value	25.8 ± 6.2° 28.0 ± 5.9ab 29.0 ± 7.1b 0.044*	74.1 ±6.2b 72.0 ± 5.9ab 71.0 ± 7.1° 0.044*	54.2 ± 4.6b 52.5 ± 4.5ab 51.9 ±5.2° 0.040*	3.2 ± 1.3 2.7 ± 0.9 2.7 ± 1.5 0.177
ab Means in a column with different superscripts are significantly different using Bonferroni’s procedure at p<0.05; * p<0.05; *** pO.001

Table 4. Pearson Correlations Coefficient between CHDRPS and Body Composition

Variable Risk Point Standards	Percent Body Fat	Percent Body Water Percent Body Lean r (p value)		Lean/Fat
All Subjects	0.156 (0.037)*	-0.151 (0.043)*	-0.156 (0.037)*	-0.159 (0.033)*
Gender Male Female	0.416 (0.001)*** 0.280 (0.007)**	-0.424(0.001)*** -0.257 (0.014)*	-0.416 (0.001)*** -0.280 (0.007)**	-0.357 (0.001)*** -0.101 (0.342)
Ethnicity White non-Hispanic Hispanic Black non-Hispanic	0.044 (0.739) 0.271 (0.036)* 0.082 (0.532)	-0.031 (0.813) -0.282 (0.029)* -0.098 (0.459)	-0.044 (0.739) -0.271 (0.036)* -0.082 (0.532)	-0.075 (0.569) -0.243 (0.061) -0.096 (0.466)
Male by Ethnicity Male white non-Hispanic Male Hispanic Male black non-Hispanic	0.501 (0.005)** 0.434 (0.016)* 0.296 (0.112)	-0.516 (0.004)** -0.447 (0.016)* -0.291 (0.119)	-0.501 (0.005)** -0.434 (0.016)* -0.296 (0.112)	-0.472 (0.008)** -0.396 (0.030)* -0.421 (0.020)*
Female by Ethnicity Female white non-Hispanic Female Hispanic Female black non-Hispanic	0.111 (0.560) 0.604 (0.001)*** 0.098 (0.606)	0.150 (0.429) -0.619 (0.001)*** -0.066 (0.728)	0.111 (0.560) -0.604 (0.001)*** -0.098 (0.606)	0.230 (0.210) -0.477 (0.008)** -0.052 (0.784)
* p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; CHDRPS: Coronary heart disease risk point standards