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INTRODUCTION

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional sensation that ranges in intensity, and it has the potential to cause patients unnecessary emotional and physical distress. It is a primary reason for seeking medical attention for 50 million Americans who might be partially or totally disabled by pain. The management of pain costs Americans billions of dollars annually, and the demand for appropriate pain management is expected to escalate even further as many Americans plan to work until older ages and live longer.

Pain management depends on the classification of the pain. Acute pain is described as sharp or shooting; it is usually localized and temporary. It responds well to treatment and usually subsides when the pain-producing stimulus resolves. Chronic pain can last for six months or longer. The etiology may be multifactorial, but the cause might not be evident. Commonly associated with adverse effects on quality of life, chronic pain is more difficult to manage and warrants comprehensive medical treatment.
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Although advances in the pathophysi-ology of pain have led to improved pharmacological therapies, a multidiscipli-nary approach to the treatment of pain leads to better outcomes. Appropriate pharmacological therapy—as well as attention from a health care network consisting of, but not limited to, pharmacists, physicians, physical therapists, and psychiatrists or psychologists—is required. Each patient should be managed individually based upon the cause of the pain and various comorbidities. Unfortunately, because of its subjective nature, pain is often mistreated or undertreated. Severe, unremitting, undertreated pain can erode a patient’s well-being.